Linear (simplex): Linear objective and constraints, by some version of the simplex method.
Linear (interior): Linear objective and constraints, by some version of an interior (or barrier) method.
Network: Linear objective and network flow constraints, by some version of the network simplex method.
Quadratic: Convex or concave quadratic objective and linear constraints, by either a simplex type or interior-type method.
Nonlinear: Continuous but not all-linear objective and constraints, by any of several methods including reduced gradient, quasi-newton, augmented lagrangian and interior-point. Unless other indication is given (see below), possibly optimal over only some local neighborhood.
Nonlinear convex: Nonlinear with an objective that is convex (if minimized) or concave (if maximized) and constraints that define a convex region. Guaranteed to be optimal over the entire feasible region.
Nonlinear global: Nonlinear but requiring a solution that is optimal over all points in the feasible region.
Complementarity: Linear or nonlinear as above, with additional complementarity conditions.
Integer linear: Linear objective and constraints and some or all integer-valued variables, by a branch-and-bound approach that applies a linear solver to successive subproblems.
Integer nonlinear: Continuous but not all-linear objective and constraints and some or all integer- valued variables, by a branch-and-bound approach that applies a nonlinear solver to successive subproblems.